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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624–262 BCE

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Protagoras

ClassicalSocratic

Born c. 490 BCE, Abdera

Died c. 420 BCE

Man is the measure of all things. The first and greatest of the Sophists turned philosophy toward human judgment.

Protagoras was the most famous of the Sophists, traveling from city to city teaching rhetoric, argument, and civic virtue for a fee. His claim that 'man is the measure of all things' made truth relative to the perceiver. He wrote a book on the gods that began 'About the gods I cannot know either that they exist or that they do not.' Athens burned his books and banished him. Plato named a dialogue after him and treated him with surprising respect.

Places

Ideas

SkepticismJustice

Words

“Man is the measure of all things: of things that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not.”

— Protagoras

Works

Fragments & Testimonies

fragmentary
·Greek

Almost nothing survives directly. The two most famous sentences in the history of philosophy are attributed to him, preserved by Plato and Sextus Empiricus.

Life & Moments

c. 450 BCE

Teaching in Athens

Became the most sought-after teacher in Athens, charging high fees for instruction in rhetoric and civic virtue. He was a friend of Pericles.

c. 420 BCE

Books Burned, Exile

His book On the Gods was burned in the Athenian agora. He was banished from the city. He reportedly drowned at sea while fleeing.

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Thinkers

A story-first philosophy atlas. Explore history's greatest thinkers through place, time, movement, and ideas.

Explore

  • Thinkers
  • Atlas
  • Works

Browse

  • Concepts
  • Volumes

About

  • About Thinkers
  • Image Credits

Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624–262 BCE