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Novum Organum

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The New Instrument. Bacon's replacement for Aristotle's logic. Proposes systematic observation and induction as the path to knowledge, and catalogues the mental idols that lead us astray.

There are four classes of idols which beset men's minds. To these for distinction's sake I have assigned names: the Idols of the Tribe, the Idols of the Cave, the Idols of the Market Place, and the Idols of the Theatre.

The Idols of the Tribe have their foundation in human nature itself. For man's sense is falsely asserted to be the standard of things. The human understanding is like a false mirror, which, receiving rays irregularly, distorts and discolours the nature of things by mingling its own nature with it.

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